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1 proportionnel
c black proportionnel, -elle [pʀɔpɔʀsjɔnεl]1. adjectivec black2. feminine noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✎ Le mot anglais s'écrit avec un seul n et se termine par -al.* * *- elle pʀɔpɔʀsjɔnɛl adjectif proportional* * *pʀɔpɔʀsjɔnɛl adj proportionnel, -le* * *A adj ( tous contextes) proportional (à to); être directement/inversement proportionnel à qch to be directly/inversely proportional to sth; prime proportionnelle au rendement productivity bonus.( féminin proportionnelle) [prɔpɔrsjɔnɛl] adjectif1. [en rapport avec]proportionnel à proportional to, in proportion with, commensurate withdirectement/inversement proportionnel (à) directly/inversely proportional (to)————————proportionnelle nom féminina. [processus] proportional systemb. [résultat] proportional representation -
2 scrutin proportionnel
proportional representation, PR* * *nm* * * -
3 scrutin
scrutin [skʀytɛ̃]masculine nouna. ( = vote) ballotb. ( = élection) poll* * *skʀytɛ̃nom masculin1) ( vote) ballot2) ( élections) polls (pl)•Phrasal Verbs:* * *skʀytɛ̃ nm1) (= vote) ballot2) (ensemble des opérations) pollscrutin à deux tours — poll with two ballots, poll with two rounds
* * *scrutin nm2 ( élections) polls (pl); ouverture/fermeture du scrutin opening/closing of the polls; date/jour du scrutin polling date/day; premier/deuxième tour de scrutin first/second ballot; mode de scrutin electoral system.scrutin de liste list system; scrutin majoritaire election by majority vote; scrutin proportionnel proportional representation, PR.[skrytɛ̃] nom masculinscrutin plurinominal ou de liste voting for a list ou ticketscrutin proportionnel ou à la proportionnelle (voting using the system of) proportional representation2. [fait de voter] ballot3. [consultation électorale] election -
4 proportionnalité
c black proportionnalité [pʀɔpɔʀsjɔnalite]feminine noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✎ Le mot anglais s'écrit avec un seul n.* * *pʀɔpɔʀsjɔnalite nf2) [système électoral] proportional representation* * *proportionnalité nf proportionality; proportionnalité de l'impôt proportional taxation.[prɔpɔrsjɔnalite] nom féminin3. [répartition] equal distribution -
5 Front National
, FNExtreme right-wing and xenophobic political party, founded by Jean Marie Le Pen in 1972. The party is strongly Eurosceptic, anti-immigration, and traditionalist; party members, including Le Pen, have been prosecuted for racist remarks, negationism, and the downplaying of war-crimes.The Front National has been a significant force in French politics since the 1980's, particularly where they have been aided by proportional representation. They won 10 seats at the European Parliament in 1984, and then 35 seats in the French general election of 1986, after François Mitterrand introduced a degree of proportional representation into the voting system. PR was quickly dropped again after this, and the FN has never since had more than a single Député. However, in European elections, where PR has remained, the FN has continued to pick up seats, most recently with 7 in the 2004 election.In 1995, the Front National won municipal elections in three towns in the south of France, Orange, Vitrolles and Marignane, in "triangular" second rounds for which neither the socialists (PS) nor the main conservative party would withdraw their candidates.Perhaps the FN's most visible success was that of its leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, in the 2002 Presidential election, when he obtained second place in the first round, thus securing a place in the runoff. It is interesting to note that in this second round, which was a massive victory for Jacques Chirac, le Pen took less than 1% more of the vote than in the first round.The high profile of the FN in French politics surprises many foreign observers, but it is not really a surprise in a country with a fragmented party political structure. France's biggest mainstream political parties have a tradition of instrumentalising whatever means possible in order to damage their opponents, and for a long time French left-wing parties have sought to portray the Front National as the natural ally of other conservative parties. Yet by blurring the distinction between this far right party other mainstream conservative parties, they paradoxically helped to legitimise the FN. Mitterrand's introduction of PR into the voting system for general elections in 1984, which propelled the FN into the limelight, was actually intended to stop the mainstream conservative parties from winning. The policy backfired, since the conservatives won anyway, and the FN obtained its own "group" in the French parliament.Currently (2008) the FN is in decline. The party has lost voters to other right-wing parties, and has had to sell off its flagship headquarters building in Neuilly-sur-Seine, in order to pay its debts. See Political Parties in FranceDictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Front National
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6 Krivine, Alain
(Born 1941)Once one of the leaders of the student uprising in France in 1968, Alain Krivine has remained a militant Trotskyist all his life, and a member of the extreme left-wing political party, the Ligue Communiste Révolutionnaire, or LCR. Thanks to the system of proportional representation, he was elected and sat as an MEP in the European parliament from 1998 to 2004.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Krivine, Alain
См. также в других словарях:
proportional system — Taxation at a fixed and uniform rate in proportion to the amount of taxable property based upon a cash valuation. State ex rel. Foot v Bazille, 97 Minn 11, 106 NW 93. See apportionment; proportional representation … Ballentine's law dictionary
Proportional representation — (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of… … Wikipedia
proportional representation — a method of voting by which political parties are given legislative representation in proportion to their popular vote. [1865 70] * * * Electoral system in which the share of seats held by a political party in the legislature closely matches the… … Universalium
proportional — I. noun Date: 14th century a number or quantity in a proportion II. adjective Date: 15th century 1. a. corresponding in size, degree, or intensity b. having the same or a constant ratio < corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional… … New Collegiate Dictionary
System (typeface) — System is a family of proportional raster fonts distributed with Microsoft Windows. The font family contains fonts encoded in several Windows code pages, with multiple resolutions of the font for each code page. Fonts of different code pages have … Wikipedia
Proportional approval voting — is a voting system that combines aspects of single transferable vote and approval voting. It is complex, requiring computers to tabulate results. [http://www.iiia.csic.es/People/enric/papers/egov.pdf] References … Wikipedia
proportional representation — n. System of election that distributes seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for particular candidates or parties. The Essential Law Dictionary. Sphinx Publishing, An imprint of Sourcebooks, Inc. Amy Hackney Blackwell. 2008 … Law dictionary
proportional representation — ► NOUN ▪ an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them … English terms dictionary
proportional representation — n. a system of voting that gives minority parties representation in a legislature in proportion to their popular vote … English World dictionary
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System (Philososphie) — Dieser Artikel bedarf einer Überarbeitung. Näheres ist auf der Diskussionsseite angegeben. Hilf mit, ihn zu verbessern, und entferne anschließend diese Markierung. Darstellung verschiedener Systeme … Deutsch Wikipedia